Othello Essays (1528 words) - Othello, Iago, Roderigo,

On a recent episode of House, a popular television show, a competitive bicyclist was admitted to the hospital after having a close encounter with death. The doctors completed examination after examination until they concluded that the patient?s illness was the result of his use of illegal paraphernalia. At this point, the doctors had to make a moral decision as to whether or not to report their patient on the basis of his cheating. On one hand, the patient was worshiped by children and his reputation would be ruined if he were to be turned in. Dr. Allison Cameron believed that the patient deserved to be turned in and that the children who worshiped him deserved to know the truth about the patient. She said that the patient ?isn?t who he says he is.? However, Dr. James Wilson questioned, ?Who cares who he says he is In today?s society, just as there was in the House episode, there is a disconnect between appearance and reality. A person?s appearance, how an individual is described from what can be seen on the outside, may be far from reality, or what is on the inside. The theme of appearance versus reality, however, is far from being something that has just appeared in recent years. In fact, this theme is present in many of William Shakespeare?s works, specifically Othello, which date back to the late 1500?s and the early 1600?s. The first instance in which the theme of appearance versus reality appears is with Othello. Othello appears to be loved and respected by his peers. And even though most of his peers describe him as the ?valiant Moor?, ?valiant Othello? or the ?brave Moor?, some characters do not truly see Othello as described (Shakespeare I,iii,47-48; I,iii,288). For instance, Iago?s statement of ?I hate the Moor? clearly demonstrates how some characters show abhorrence toward Othello (Shakespeare I,iii,350). Also, during the initial acts of the play, Othello is portrayed as a strong and confident character. However, all of the allegations that Iago makes about Desdemona being unfaithful to Othello quickly breaks Othello down and he becomes easily ?driven to jealousy? (McCulloch 77). Othello is also socially insecure, which may be attributed to him being a black man in a white man?s world. Not to mention, he is a black man in a high ranking position that requires him to give orders to white men. Addi tionally, Othello appears to be one who is calm and has self control, even under the most difficult of circumstances. But, Othello turns to rage and revenge in the final acts of the play. In fact, Othello, who had never struck Desdemona before, strikes her during one of their conversations and, on many other occasions, raises his voice at Desdemona. These actions, which are far from the actions of a calm and collected man, surprises other characters, including Lodovicio who makes the following comment: Is this the noble Moor, whom our fill senate Call all in all sufficient? Is this the nature Whom passion could not shake, whose solid virtue The shot of accident nor dart of chance Could neither graze nor pierce? (Shakespeare IV,i,249-253) Othello is not the character that others thought he was. Another instance in which the theme of appearance versus reality appears is within Othello and Desdemona?s relationship. According to Cahn, the love between Othello and Desdemona, the foundation of the story, is itself based on illusion (17). When Othello is describing to Brabantio how Desdemona fell in love with Othello, he makes the following comment: My story being done, She gave my story for my pains a world of sighs. She swore, in faith, ?twas strange, ?twas passing strange, ?Twas pitiful, ?twas wondrous pitiful. She wished she had not heard it, yet she wished That Heaven made her such a man. (Shakespeare I,iii,157-162) Desdemona, being wooed by the ?hero at the core of this story? and the story of his life, is not in love with, but is infatuated with Othello (Cahn 17). ?She does not know Othello as a man, but only as a fantasy figure? (Cahn 17). In essence, Desdemona is in love with the heroic actions and noble deeds of Othello rather than his inner being, his character, and his personality. Similarly, Othello is not in love with

Knowledge management systems

Knowledge management systems Introduction With the rapid advancement in technology, managers have realised the essence of information technology in enhancing the performance of their organization (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 2005).. It is with regards to this that the concept of knowledge management systems, a paradigm of knowledge management (KM) has increased in popularity for the last several years (Stewart, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge management systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Knowledge management systems incorporates knowledge management (KM) and information technology (IT) to enhance the process of creation, development, utilization, transfer and storage of information within an organization. This paper therefore shall expound on literature in knowledge management systems and information technology to determine the theories and concepts that are present in the field. Literature Review Different scholars have develope d different systems that can be used to classify data, knowledge and information. Vance (1997) came up with a hierarchical system of classification that has been adopted by many scholars in the field of information technology. The importance of knowledge in an organization has been stressed with respect to this hierarchical classification of data, information and knowledge presented by Vance (1997). Thus, knowledge originates from personal information that has been stored in the minds of individuals. This information is useful in the process of generating facts, procedures and concepts and decisions to enhance the overall performance of an organization (Fahey and Prusak, 2008). Knowledge management has always been viewed as an integral component of the overall success of an organization. Managers usually integrate this concept to improve the level of operation of their organization to achieve a competitive edge over rivals within the industries in which their organizations operate i n. This is because, knowledge management is a tool that improves the innovation and responsiveness of an organization (Glazer, 1998). The operation of knowledge management systems is based on information technology (IT) (Machlup, 2010). The aim of these systems is to ensure that the process of information and knowledge creation within an organization is effective and efficient. IT plays a critical role in the development and support of knowledge management systems. As Alavi and Leidner (2001) asserted, the basis of knowledge management system is based on information technology. As such, IT supports the process of knowledge management in a number of ways. For instance, an organization can search for a specialist in a given field by utilizing information found on online directories and stored databases.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through IT, organizations can al so share information and enhance its operations through virtual teams, reviewing information from previous projects stored on a database. An organization can also have a clear understanding of the needs of its clients by critically analyzing and evaluating stored transactions data. With these examples, it will be difficult to clearly point out the role of IT in supporting knowledge management as its use is diversified. In addition to this, it is also impossible to develop a specific technology to support the process of knowledge management within an organization (Holtshouse, 2009). However, Alavi and Leidner (2001) narrowed down the application of IT in knowledge management to the following three areas: Coding and sharing of data Development of corporate directories Development of knowledge links and networks Coding and Sharing Of Data Coding and sharing of data that promote best practices within an organization has been one of the main areas in which IT has been used to enhance t he process of knowledge management (Spender, 2006). This process is mainly achieved through internal benchmarking. Here, information regarding the best practices that have been reported to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of operations are stored and shared among individuals and different departments within an organization. This ensures that the knowledge with regards to the best practices is made available to all hence boosting the performance of individuals and improving the overall performance of the firm. With this in place, the operations of a firm shall be conducted in an effective and efficient manner increasing level of profitability and the ease at which an organization can achieve its short term and long-term goals and objectives. Development of Corporate Directories IT also plays a critical role in supporting knowledge management by enhancing the process of developing corporate directories. Retrieving stored data is one of the main challenges that organizations fa ce prompting the development of knowledge management. This is because most of the information in organizations is not stored properly hence retrieving them become a problem. In addition to this, most of the data found in organizations is not coded. This makes the task of retrieving and actually utilizing such information to benefit an organization to be difficult. Therefore, with the help of IT, coding of information via internal mapping expertise has ensured that firms are now able to retrieve information at ease.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge management systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has greatly reduced the level of repeated mistakes that came up as a result of the implementation of poor practices (Robertson et al, 2006). Instead, internal mapping has ensured that only best practices are retrieved and used to enhance the overall performance of an organization. Development of Knowledge Li nks and Knowledge Links Networks IT has also played a critical role in the development of knowledge networks via knowledge management systems. Knowledge networks are essential in sharing of information among individuals, departments and to a larger extent, different organizations. Chrysler is an example of an organization that greatly benefited from knowledge networks. According to Alavi and Leidner (2001), Chrysler faced a critical challenge after it modified its operations from functional to platform based organization units. In the process, the company realised that its operations would deteriorate unless suspension specialists would have an effective and reliable means of communication through which they will exchange and share ideas across various platforms (Alavi and Leidner, 2001). This led to the development of Tech Cul that enabled Chrysler to bring individuals together from different backgrounds. This system enabled virtual and face-to-face communications among professiona ls from different fields of expertise. It enabled people them to share ideas and come up with solutions to collective problems that they were facing. This ultimately improved the performance of the company by developing high quality products. From the discussions that have been presented in this paper, it is evident that information and knowledge are essential components of an organization. They play a critical role in enhancing the operations of an organization enabling it to achieve its short term and long-term goals and objectives. It is with regards to this that managers and scholars always emphasize on the importance of knowledge management. However, to ensure this practice is conducted in an effective and efficient manner, the process has incorporated IT through knowledge management systems to enhance the process of coding and sharing of data, development of corporate dictionaries and knowledge networks that improve the process of creating, developing, sharing and storing of k nowledge within an organization. Current Practice In the modern world, information technology has taken over all the aspects of our lives including the management of organizations. Most of the organizations in the world have adopted and incorporated the concept of information technology to improve their operations to meet the needs and desires of their customers and to stand at a competitive edge over their rivals. Knowledge management systems have been one of the facets of IT that firms have incorporated to manage the knowledge and information present in their systems.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Knowledge management has played an essential role in the process of storing and retrieving data. According to Spanbauer (2007), the operations of modern organizations are entirely based on the use of emails. Members of an organization use emails as the main form of communication and storage. However, Spanbauer (2007) goes ahead to state that the major problem with the use of emails it that it does not store data in a systematic way hence making it difficult to retrieve information whenever needed. It is with regards to this that organizations such as Garner have found it essential to use applications such as Customer Coversation System (CCS) and Illumo to enhance the process of data storage, sharing and retrieval within an organization. It is as a result of such data storage and retrieval systems that strategic and innovative discoveries have emerged from. Viagra, an erectile dysfunction drug was discovered through this process. During its early days, Viagra was used to suppress con ditions that led to heart failure. However, during its administration, nurses discovered that it had a side effect (erection on male patients). This side effect was recorded and stored. This information was later discovered by a doctor during a cross-data study and resulted in the development of a multi-billion dollar industry (Bushell, 2001). It is with regards to this that organizations in the modern word find it essential to systematically store and share information. Knowledge management systems are solutions to organizations that have to record, maintain, store, retrieve and share bulky datasets and information. Braue (2011) interviewed the lead construction engineer of Connect East, Barry King. Connect East had been contracted by the Victorian government to maintain Melbourne’s East Link toll road (Braue, 2011). To ensure that this process is conducted professionally in an effective and efficient manner, King and his team need to maintain the records of all assets to me et the requirements of enterprise asset management (EAM). This includes maintaining records for all the equipments, machineries, and spares that are used in the process of maintaining the road. Purchasing, depreciation and amortization records also need to be maintained. These records need to be presented to the Victorian government and other stakeholders in the company especially due to the fact that the project is almost nearing its completion. However, with the use of IBM’s Maximo, Connect East has been able to maintain systematic records. According to King, this tool has enabled the organization to achieve optimum performance with regards to effective record keeping thus reducing the operating costs (Braue, 2011). During its early years, social networks were viewed as platforms through which individuals can interact with their friends and family. However, with time, organizations have found it virtually impossible to operate without social network sites (Dancy et al, 2012 ). According to Dancy et al, organizations in the 21st century are using social media as a platform for developing, maintaining, retaining and sharing knowledge within the organization its self and with other stakeholders. Professionals in the field of information technology view social media as a means through which organizations can collaborate to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their services through knowledge retention and sharing (Amidon, 1997). Social media has enabled organizations to interact with people outside the domain of their operations and actually get first hand feedback on their operations and means through which they can enhance their services. It is with regards to this that most organizations have pages on social network sites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, MySpace and so on. These pages enable them to have direct contact with their stakeholders especially their customers enabling them to understand their needs and preferences. Additionally, thr ough knowledge sharing, social media acts as platforms through which ideas on service improvement can be shared. It is thus evident that organizations in the modern world have embraced the importance of knowledge management systems. This is because most organizations in the world are using varies applications, tools and technologies to enhance the process of keeping, retrieving and sharing their records through platforms such as social media. This has in turn improved the effectiveness and efficiency of their operations ensuring that organizations achieve their operational goals and objectives and at the same time, stand at a competitive edge in their respective industries. Comparison of Literature and Current Practice Knowledge and information has been regarded as a key asset in any organization. It is with regards to this that organizations that create, store, retrieve, utilize and share knowledge in an effective and efficient manner stand at a competitive edge. This has increased the importance and emphasis of the incorporation of knowledge management systems in the operations of organizations. In practice, it has been identified that organizations utilize knowledge management systems to achieve this goal. For instance, the operations of modern organizations are entirely based on emails. However, to enhance the process in which information contained in emails can be stored, retrieved and utilized in a systematic manner, Spanbauer (2007) stated that organization are using applications and technologies such as CCS and Illumo. On the other hand, an organization such as Connect East has utilized knowledge management systems to ensure that its information is stored in a manner that it can be easily retrieved and presented to the contacting government and other shareholders. Finally, modern organizations are now using social media as a platform of interacting with shareholders and sharing knowledge. This has enhanced the services and products provided by firms as a result of information sharing. Conclusion It is always the goal of any manager to ensure that his/her organization is experiencing an exponential growth in value. However, in the modern era, the value of an organization is not mainly based on its tangible assets but by its intangible assets. Therefore, the information within an organization plays a critical role in enhancing its operations and dictating the growth patterns that it exhibits. This has led to the incorporation of the concept of knowledge management (KM) in the running and management of organizations. Knowledge is an essential asset that plays a critical role in ensuring the success of an organization in the short run and in the long run. It is with regards to this realization that organizations have found it essential to develop systems through the incorporation of information technology to ensure that information is stored in a systematic manner hence enabling easy retrieval and utilization to achieve the goals and objectives of an organization. Therefore, for organizations to ensure that their operations are effective and efficient, they need to embrace the concept of knowledge management system to achieve their set goals and objectives. References Alavi, M and Leidner, D 2001, ‘Review: Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: conceptual foundations and research issues’, MIS Quarterly, vol. 25 no. 1, pp. 107-136. Amidon, D 1997, Innovation Strategy for the Knowledge Economy : The Ken Awakening, Heinemann, London. Braue, C 2011, The challenges of asset management: Part one. Web. Bushell, S 2001, In the know. Web. Dancy, C, Busch, B and Howard, K 2012, IT service management going social. Web. Fahey, L and Prusak, L 2008, ‘The Eleven Deadliest Sins of Knowledge Management’, California Management Review, vol. 40 no. 3, pp. 265-276. Glazer, R 1998, ‘Measuring the Knower: Towards a Theory of Knowledge Equity’, California Management Review, vol. 40 no. 3, pp. 175-194. Holtshouse, D 2009, ‘Knowledge Research Issues’, California Management Review vol. 40 no. 3, pp. 277-280. Machlup, F 2010, Knowledge: Its Creation, Distribution, and Economic Significance, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Nonaka, I and Takeuchi, H 2005, The Knowledge Creating Company, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Robertson, M, Swan, J, and Newell, S 2006, ‘The Role of Networks in the Diffusion of Technological Innovation’, Journal of Management Studies, vol. 33 no. 2, pp. 335-361. Spanbauer, C 2007, Knowledge management 2.0. Web. Spender, J 2006, ‘Organizational Knowledge, Learning, and Memory: Three Concepts in Search of a Theory’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 9 no. 1, pp. 63-78. Stewart, T 2007, Intellectual Capital: The New Wealth of Organizations, Nicholas Brealey, Chicago. Vance, D 1997, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom: The Epistemic Hierarchy and Computer Based Information System, Sa ge, New York.

A Brief History of English and American Literature Essay Example for Free

A Brief History of English and American Literature Essay History (2020) , England (167) , American literature (133) , Alfred Tennyson (6) , Idylls of the King (2) , Merlin (1) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? The Norman conquest of England, in the 11th century, made a break in the natural growth of the English language and literature. The old English or Anglo−Saxon had been a purely Germanic speech, with a complicated grammar and a full set of inflections. For three hundred years following the battle of Hastings. this native tongue was driven from the king’s court and the courts of law, from parliament, school, and university. During all this time there were two languages spoken in England. Norman French was the birth−tongue of the upper classes and English of the lower. When the latter finally got the better in the struggle, and became, about the middle of the 14th century, the national speech of all England, it was no longer the English of King Alfred. It was a new language, a grammarless tongue, almost wholly {12} stripped of its inflections. It had lost a half of its old words, and had filled their places with French equivalents. The Norman lawyers had introduced legal terms; the ladies and courtiers, words of dress and courtesy. The knight had imported the vocabulary of war and of the chase. The master−builders of the Norman castles and cathedrals contributed technical expressions proper to the architect and the mason. The art of cooking was French. The naming of the living animals, ox, swine, sheep, deer, was left to the Saxon churl who had the herding of them, while the dressed meats, beef, pork, mutton, venison, received their baptism from the table−talk of his Norman master. The four orders of begging friars, and especially the Franciscans or Gray Friars, introduced into England in 1224, became intermediaries between the high and the low. They went about preaching to the poor, and in their sermons they intermingled French with English. In their hands, too, was almost all the science of the day; their medicine, botany, and astronomy displaced the old nomenclature of leechdom, wort−cunnin g, and star−craft. And, finally, the translators of French poems often found it easier to transfer a foreign word bodily than to seek out a native synonym, particularly when the former supplied them with a rhyme. But the innovation reached even to the commonest words in every−day use, so that voice drove out steven, poor drove out earm, and color, use, and place made good their footing beside hue, {13}wont, and stead. A great part of the English words that were left were so changed in spelling and pronunciation as to be practically new. Chaucer stands, in date, midway between King Alfred and Alfred Tennyson, but his English differs vastly more from the former’s than from the latter’s. To Chaucer Anglo−Saxon was as much a dead language as it is to us. The classical Anglo−Saxon, moreover, had been the Wessex dialect, spoken and written at Alfred’s capital, Winchester. When the French had displaced this as the language of culture, there was no longer a â€Å"king’s English† or any literary standard. The sources of modern standard English are to be found in the East Midland, spoken in Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, and neighboring shires . Here the old Anglian had been corrupted by the Danish settlers, and rapidly threw off its inflections when it became a spoken and no longer a written language, after the Conquest. The West Saxon, clinging more tenaciously to ancient forms, sunk into the position of a local dialect; while the East Midland, spreading to London, Oxford, and Cambridge, became the literary English in which Chaucer wrote. The Normans brought in also new intellectual influences and new forms of literature. They were a cosmopolitan people, and they connected England with the continent. Lanfranc and Anselm, the first two Norman archbishops of Canterbury, were learned and splendid prelates of a {14} type quite unknown to the Anglo−Saxons. They introduced the scholastic philosophy taught at the University of Paris, and the reformed discipline of the Norman abbeys. They bound the English Church more closely to Rome, and officered it with Normans. English bishops were deprived of their sees for illiteracy, and French abbots were set over monasteries of Saxon monks. Down to the middle of the 14th century the learned literature of England was mostly in Latin, and the polite literature in French. English did not at any time altogether cease to be a written language, but the extant remains of the period from 1066 to 1200 are few and, with one exception, unimportant. After 1200 English came more and more into written use, but mainly in translations, paraphrases, and imitations of French works. The native genius was at school, and followed awkwardly. The Anglo−Saxon poetry, for example, had been rhythmical and alliterative. It was commonly written in lines containing four rhythmical accents and with three of the accented syllables alliterating. R_este hine thà ¢ r_à ºm−heort; r_à ©ced hlifade G_eà ¡p and g_à ³ld−fà ¢h, gà ¤st inne swà ¤f. Rested him then the great−hearted; the hall towered Roomy and gold−bright, the guest slept within. This rude energetic verse the Saxon scà ´p had sung to his harp or glee−beam, dwelling on the {15} emphatic syllables, passing swiftly over the others which were of undetermined number and position in the line. It was now displaced by the smooth metrical verse with rhymed endings, which the French introduced and which our modern poets use, a verse fitted to be recited rather than sung. The old English alliterative verse continued, indeed, in occasional use to the 16th century. But it was linked to a forgotten literature and an obsolete dialect, and was doomed to give way. Chaucer lent his great authority to the more modern verse system, and his own literary models and inspirers were all foreign, French or Italian. Literature in England began to be once more English and truly national in the hands of Chaucer and his contemporaries, but it was the literature of a nation cut off from its own past by three centuries of foreign rule. The most noteworthy English document of the 11th and 12th centuries was the continuation of the Anglo−Saxon chronicle. Copies of these annals, differing somewhat among themselves, had been kept at the monasteries in Winchester, Abingdon, Worcester, and elsewhere. The yearly entries were mostly brief, dry records of passing events, though occasionally they become full and animated. The fen country of Cambridge and Lincolnshire was a region of monasteries. Here were the great abbeys of Peterborough and Croyland and Ely minster. One of the earliest English songs tells how the savage heart of the Danish {16} king Cnut was softened by the singing of the monks in Ely. Merie sungen muneches binnen Ely Tha Cnut chyning reu ther by; Roweth, cnihtes, noer the land, And here we thes muneches sang. It was among the dikes and marshes of this fen country that the bold outlaw Hereward, â€Å"the last of the English,† held out for some years against the conqueror. And it was here, in the rich abbey of Burch or Peterborough, the ancient Medeshamstede (meadow−homestead) that the chronicle was continued for nearly a century after the Conquest, breaking off abruptly in 1154, the date of King Stephen’s death. Peterborough had received a new Norman abbot, Turold, â€Å"a very stern man,† and the entry in the chronicle for 1170 tells how Hereward and his gang, with his Danish backers, thereupon plundered the abbey of its treasures, which were first removed to Ely, and then carried off by the Danish fleet and sunk, lost, or squandered. The English in the later portions of this Peterborough chronicle becomes gradually more modern, and falls away more and more from the strict grammatical standards of the classical Anglo−Saxon. It is a most valuable historical monument, and some passages of it are written with great vividness, notably the sketch of William the Conqueror put down in the year of his death (1086) by one who had â€Å"looked upon him and at another time dwelt in his court.† {17} â€Å"He who was before a rich king, and lord of many a land, he had not then of all his land but a piece of seven feet. . . . Likewise he was a very stark man and a terrible, so that one durst do nothing against his will. . . . Among other things is not to be forgotten the good peace that he made in this land, so that a man might fare over his kingdom with his bosom full of gold unhurt. He set up a great deer preserve, and he laid laws therewith that whoso should slay hart or hind, he should be blinded. As greatly did he love the tall deer as if he were their father.† With the discontinuance of the Peterborough annals, English history written in English prose ceased for three hundred years. The thread of the nation’s story was kept up in Latin chronicles, compiled by writers partly of English and partly of Norman descent. The earliest of these, such as Ordericus Vitalis, Simeon ofDurham, Henry of Huntingdon, and William of Malmesbury, were contemporary with the later entries of the Saxon chronicle. The last of them, Matthew of Westminster, finished his work in 1273. About 1300 Robert, a monk of Gloucester, composed a chronicle in English verse, following in the main the authority of the Latin chronicles, and he was succeeded by other rhyming chroniclers in the 14th century. In the hands of these the true history of the Saxon times was overlaid with an ever−increasing mass of fable and legend. All real knowledge of the period {18} dwindled away until in Capgrave’s Chronicle of England, written in prose in 1463−64, hardly any thing of it is left. In history as in literature the English had forgotten their past, and had turned to foreign sources. It is noteworthy that Shakspere, who borrowed his subjects and his heroes sometimes from authentic English history, sometimes from the legendary history of ancient Britain, Denmark,and Scotland, as in Lear, Hamlet, and Macbeth, ignores the Saxon period altogether. And Spenser, who gives in his second book of the Faerie Queene, a resumà © of the reigns of fabulous British kings—the supposed ancestors of Queen Elizabeth, his royal patron—has nothing to say of the real kings of early England. So completely had the true record faded away that it made no appeal to the imaginations of our most patriotic poets. The Saxon Alfred had been dethroned by the British Arthur, and the conquered Welsh had imposed their fictitious genealogies upon the dynasty of the conquerors. In the Roman de Rou, a verse chronicle of the dukes of Normandy, written by the Norman Wace, it is related that at the battle of Hastings the French jongleur, Taillefer, spurred out before the van of William’s army, tossing his lance in the air and chanting of â€Å"Charlemagne and of Roland, of Oliver and the peers who died at Roncesvals.† This incident is prophetic of the victory which Norman song, no less than Norman arms, was to win over England. The lines which Taillefer {19} sang were from the Chanson de Roland, the oldest and best of the French hero sagas. The heathen Northmen, who had ravaged the coasts of France in the 10th century, had become in the course of one hundred and fifty years, completely identified with the French. They had accepted Christianity, intermarried with the native women, and forgotten their own Norse tongue. The race thus formed was the most brilliant in Europe. The warlike, adventurous spirit of the vikings mingled in its blood with the French nimbleness of wit and fondness for display. The Normans were a nation of knights−errant, with a passion for prowess and for courtesy. Their architecture was at once strong and graceful. Their women were skilled in embroidery, a splendid sample of which is preserved in the famous Bayeux tapestry, in which the conqueror’s wife, Matilda, and the ladies of her court wrought the history of the Conquest. This national taste for decoration expressed itself not only in the ceremonious pomp of feast and chase and tourney, but likewise in literature. The most characteristic contribution of the Normans to English poetry were the metrical romances or chivalry tales. These were sung or recited by the minstrels, who were among the retainers of every great feudal baron, or by the jongleurs, who wandered from court to castle. There is a whole literature of these romans d’ aventure in the Anglo−Norman dialect of French. Many of them are {20} very long—often thirty, forty, or fifty thousand lines—written sometimes in a strophic form, sometimes in long Alexandrines, but commonly in the short, eight−syllabled rhyming couplet. Numbers of them were turned into English verse in the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries. The translations were usually inferior to the originals. The French trouvere (finder or poet) told his story in a straight−forward, prosaic fashion, omitting no details in the action and unrolling endless descriptions of dresses, trappings, gardens, etc. He invented plots and situations full of fine possibilities by which later poets have profited, but his own handling of them was feeble and prolix. Yet there was a simplicity about the old French language and a certain elegance and delicacy in the diction of the trouveres which the rude, unformed English failed to catch. The heroes of these romances were of various climes: Guy of Warwick, and Richard the Lion Heart of England, Havelok the Dane, Sir Troilus of Troy, Charlemagne, and Alexander. But, strangely enough, the favorite hero of English romance was that mythical Arthur of Britain, whom Welsh legend had celebrated as the most formidable enemy of the Sassenach invaders and their victor in twelve great battles. The language and literature of the ancient Cymry or Welsh had made no impression on their Anglo−Saxon conquerors. There are a few Welsh borrowings in the English speech, such as bard and druid; but in the old Anglo−Saxon literature there are {21} no more traces of British song and story than if the two races had been sundered by the ocean instead of being borderers for over six hundred years. But the Welsh had their own national traditions, and after the Norman Conquest these were set free from the isolation of their Celtic tongue and, in an indirect form, entered into the general literature of Europe. The French came into contact with the old British literature in two places: in the Welsh marches in England and in the province of Brittany in France, where the population is of Cymric race and spoke, and still to some extent speaks, a Cymric dialect akin to the Welsh. About 1140 Geoffrey of Monmouth, a Benedictine monk, seemingly of Welsh descent, who lived at the court of Henry the First and became afterward bishop of St. Asaph, produced in Latin a so−called Historia Britonum in which it was told how Brutus, the great grandson of Aeneas, came to Britain, and founded there his kingdom called after him, and his city of New Troy (Troynovant) on the site of the later London. An air of historic gravity was given to this tissue of Welsh legends by an exact chronology and the genealogy of theBritish kings, and the author referred, as his authority, to an imaginary Welsh book given him, as he said, by a certain Walter, archdeacon of Oxford. Here appeared that line of fabulous British princes which has become so familiar to modern readers in the plays of Shakspere and the poems of Tennyson: Lear and his {22} three daughters; Cymbeline, Gorboduc, the subject of the earliest regular English tragedy, composed by Sackville and acted in 1562; Locrine and his Queen Gwendolen, and his daughter Sabrina, who gave her name to the river Severn, was made immortal by an exquisite song in Milton’s Comus, and became the heroine of the tragedy of Locrine, once attributed to Shakspere; and above all, Arthur, the son of Uther Pendragon, and the founder of the Table Round. In 1155 Wace, the author of the Roman de Rou, turned Geoffrey’s work into a French poem entitled Brut d’ Angleterre, â€Å"brut† being a Welsh word meaning chronicle. About the year 1200 Wace’s poem was Englished by Layamon, a priest of Arley Regis, on the border stream of Severn. Layamon’s Brut is in thirty thousand lines, partly alliterative and partly rhymed, but written in pure Saxon English with hardly any French words. The style is rude but vigorous, and, at times, highly imaginative. Wace had amplified Geoffrey’s chronicle somewhat, but Layamon made much larger additions, derived, no doubt, from legends current on the Welsh border. In particular the story of Arthur grew in his hands into something like fullness. He tells of the enchantments of Merlin, the wizard; of the unfaithfulness of Arthur’s queen,Guenever; and the treachery of his nephew, Modred. His narration of the last great battle between Arthur and Modred; of the wounding of the king—â€Å"fifteen fiendly wounds he had, one might in the least {23} three gloves thrust—†; and of the little boat with â€Å"two women therein, wonderly dight,† which came to bear him away to Avalun and the Queen Argante, â€Å"sheenest of all elves,† whence he shall come again, according to Merlin’s prophecy, to rule the Britons; all this left little, in essentials, for Tennyson to add in his Death of Arthur. This new material for fiction was eagerly seized upon by the Norman romancers. The story of Arthur drew to itself other stories which were afloat. A Brief History of English and American Literature. (2016, Dec 10).

Is Deterrence Still a Useful Concept in the Post-Cold War World Research Paper

Is Deterrence Still a Useful Concept in the Post-Cold War World - Research Paper Example In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, international policymakers became increasingly preoccupied with the potential ramifications of nuclear warfare in creating an imbalance within the world political order. After the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Stalin asserted that â€Å"A single demand for your comrades†¦ Provide us with atomic weapons in the shortest possible time. You know that Hiroshima has shaken the whole world. The balance has been destroyed. Provide the bomb – it will remove a great danger from us1†. From a historical perspective, the Cold War phase following the Second World War led to what has been termed the â€Å"First Nuclear Age†2. This phase highlights how nuclear weapons’ programmes were rooted in the need of both superpowers to assert power in the arms race3. Moreover, Walton & Gray submit that the demise of this superpower rivalry has re-ignited the nuclear proliferation question in arms control measures within the world political framework4. This in itself highlights that the stability of international relations and the political balance at the international level is inherently dependent on the axis of nuclear control. Therefore, whilst the deterrence theory undoubtedly plays a central role in the relationship between nuclear war programmes and international relations, the inherent weakness of the theory is the failure to account for the changing global political climate, whereby nuclear strategy and proliferation is shaped by a correlation of complex, mu ltifarious.

Advanced Project management -Master Level scenario based report Essay

Advanced Project management -Master Level scenario based report - Essay Example According to Kanter (1995) such an action will not constitute an adequate response. This is so because success is based on an organisation’s ability to create, rather than predict the future by developing those products that will literally transform the way the world thinks and view it self and the needs (Kanter 1995:71). Within the context of today’s global competition, businesses and firms no-longer compete as individual companies but try to corporate with other businesses in their activities (Wu & Chien 2007:2). These researchers went further to argue that, this strategy has become quite common in many businesses and in project management it is becoming a best practice. The conventional vertical integrated company based business model is gradually being replaced by collaborative relationship between many fragmented, but complementary and specialized value stars and constellation (Wu & Chien:1). Having said these, this report focuses on some of the pertinent issues affecting a project organization. The report first of all examine the changing environment of the contemporary organization, there after attention is shifted to the evaluation of the current management structure being used by my organization. The third part of the report focuses on the current project management processes in an organization to see if they are effective or there exist certain deficiencies. The last part of the report present recommendation in the form of a conclusion. In business, environmental analysis is an appreciation of an organisations activities vis-Ã  -vis its environment (Lin& Lee 2006). Such analysis has become imperatively necessary in the light of increase competition as present, subsequent operations and strategies direction will be dependent on the result (Lin& Lee 2006). According to Johnson et al (2007), it is a process by which a business gathers

Homelessness Is More Than Missing a House Essay Example for Free

Homelessness Is More Than Missing a House Essay We always encounter these types of people: A man who is shaking a cup and trying to present a smiling face to you on the side of the street, his coins are striking against each other, and his clothes were tatty and his shoes unmatched. Or at night, a crew of people who sit or sleep in front of a store with some filthy blankets on. We don’t know what kind of causes affect their homelessness, but we could easily recognize them, probably take pity on them and maybe give them change or food. Homeless people might not expect financial assist but they need mental support because they are not just physically missing a house and they have nothing to lose after the spiritual collapse by missing heart protections. We need to emotionally help them by more psychological fixing. Barbara Lazear Ascher states that we were able to help homeless people by more attentions in her article, â€Å"On Compassion†. Ascher argues that we should pay more attention to the homeless by helping them. She says, â€Å"We cannot deny the existence of the helpless as their presence grows. It is impossible to insulate ourselves against what is at our very door step† (213). We can help them by possibly give a used blanket or some warm soup. However, economical contribution might not able to fix the issue, according to Anna Quindlen’s in her â€Å"Homeless†, â€Å"Home is where the heart is. There’s no place like it†(217). Once those homeless people lose their homes, they lose everything physically, and emotionally miss their hearts and believe, faith of lives, that’s what money or food couldn’t build. Ascher believes that the general public should treat homeless people better. She begins with stating that people shouldn’t judge the homeless by their appearances. She tells a story of a homeless man, â€Å"His buttonless shirt, with one sleeve missing, hangs outside the waist of his baggy trousers. Carefully plaited dreadlocks bespeak a better time, long ago. As he crosses Manhattan’s Seventy-ninth Street, his gait is the shuffle of the forgotten ones held in place by gravity rather than plans† (211). What a pitiful man! What a tragic abjection came down onto his life! He maybe was a successful businessman in his earlier life? By giving details of a homeless person, she sets up the fundamentals of her paper and that straightforwardly grabs attention and sympathy from the audience right into the story. Ascher also observes how did aloof neighbors ignore the homeless person away, â€Å"A man with a briefcase lifts and lowers the shinny toe of his right shoe, watching the light reflect, trying to catch and balance it, as if he could hold and make it his, to ease the heavy gray of coming January, February, and March†(212). A well-educated man would not prefer to give up a dime to the person, and how about others? The rest couple in this image, are standing far away from the man, five of them, are anxiously staring at the direction that the crosstown shuttle come from(212). They feel there was nothing to do about this situation, they were totally out of this moment. Because of human nature, they refused to lower their dignities and positions to help out the homeless man even though he didn’t ask for it. Comparing with details of the homeless person exterior by Barbara L. Ascher, Anna Quindlen begins her essay in a much different way. †She said I was wasting my time talking to her; she was just passing through, although she’d been passing through for more than two weeks. To prove to me that this was true, she rummaged through a tote bag and a manila envelope and finally unfolded a sheet of typing paper and brought out her photographs†(216). Quindlen tells the story of a strange woman whom Quindlen met. The woman was carrying a picture of her old and common house all the time at the bus terminal. Quindlen recognized the lady, â€Å"She had a house, or at least once upon a time had had one. Inside were curtains, a couch, a stove, potholders. You are where you live. She was somebody†(217). From the opening of both stories between Ascher and Quindlen, Ascher focused on expressing the pitiful image of homelessness to the public, bring sympathy and help to them. However, In Quindlen’s essay â€Å"Homeless,† she brought the arguement that society’s view of home has changed in the past few generations. What could we accomplish by changing our perspective on homelessness? In this context, Quindlen noted that a home is, simply more than an exact house-a home becomes a place where we can feel connected emotionally and physically with our families. That was also the main cause why those homeless people refused to live in shelters, mostly they preferred to live on random streets. Because the homes they used to have, were more like a symbol exists in their minds, it was more than just a house and mailing address. However it was a place where it collected emotions such as love, hate, happiness, sadness, and it was a place that offered comfort and security. They used to express themselves in home but not in the shelter. Quindlen stated that our society should have treated those people as a collection of people who are not homeless, but are just missing a home. The main purpose of Barbara Lazear Ascher’s â€Å"On Compassion† encounter in couple different acts of how do people treat homeless people. She witnesses both neglect and kindness to the homeless people by the general society. She also curiously gives how does the middle-class do not understand the poor and homeless of homeless people. However, Anna Quindlen expresses her points in a different view of homelessness. Her point shows we should be able to understand of the depth of the issues of homelessness, and the most important thing for those people is a sense of heart’s place, a home. Homeless circumstances sound far away from us because we have our body and mind protected in our home. Nevertheless, the lady from Quindlen’s story who carried the picture of her house with her all the time, owned her respect and faith of a home, and shouldn’t be treated as a homeless person. There are a lot of things we can do other than just give them food. We could smile, talk, and even contribute a hug for them. Home is not just a house or mailing address. Home is the place where a family’s body and emotions are collected. It also provides the bridge that connects families. People laugh, cry, become angry or stressed, we are dealing with every kind of emotions in our daily life and finally we find out the best place to express all of these emotions are in our home.

Tuberculosis Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedical Disease TB

Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.TB.), has a unique cell wall, making it difficult to kill and stain. Three matjor components compose the cell wall: mycolic acids, cord factor, and Wax-D. M.TB. is also hard to culture and can only thrive in the body. It is an obligate aerobe and an acid-fast bacteria. Tuberculosis can be diagnosed through the Mantoux test and by staining methods such as the Ziel-Neelsen method. Chest x-rays are also used in the diagnosis process to detect any damage done to the lungs. Tuberculosis is caused by M.TB. This bacterium is hard to kill because of its cell wall, which is 60% lipid. M.TB. is also difficult to stain and culture (Todar, Kenneth paragraoh 14). Skin tests and microbiologic smears and cultures are the main methods used to diagnose TB, though the full diagnosis consists of many more tests. M.TB. is a rod-shaped bacterium related to the Actinomycetes. The rods are 2 to 4 um long and 0.2 to 0.5 um wide. This bacterium is an obligate aerobe, an organism that needs oxygen to survive. It is a tough bacterium that can withstand weak disinfectants and can survive in a dry state for weeks. M. TB. is a slow-growing bacterium that divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is extremely slow compared to other bacterium, which have division times measured in minutes (Wikipedia paragraph 1). Although M.TB. contains peptidoglycan in their cell wall, it is neither Gram-positive nor Gram-negative because it lacks the chemical characteristics of either. The Mycobacterium species is classified as acid-fast bacteria because it is virtually impermeable to certain dyes and stains, but once stained, the dye is permanent. The Ziehl-Neelsen method is one method used to stain Mycobac... ...ed as an acid-fast bacilli because of its impermeability to stains. The Mantoux skin test, Ziel-Neelsen method, BACTEC system, and the chest x-rays make up the most common methods used to diagnose tuberculosis. Although M.TB. is difficult study under a microscope, the understanding of the cell wall structure helps scientists to invent treatments for tuberculosis. â€Å"Tuberculosis.† Todar, Kenneth. Todar’s Online Textbook of Bacteriology. 2006 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Bacteriology. 2007 23 July 2006 http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/tuberculosis.htm â€Å"Tuberculosis.† Wikipedia. 27 July 2006 Wikipedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis â€Å"Tuberculosis.† University of Michigan Health System. 14 March 2005 University of Michigan Health System. 22 July 2006 http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/aha/aha_tb_crs.htm

Hannibal Barca

As to the transcendent military genius of Hannibal there cannot be two opinions. The man who for fifteen years could hold his ground in a hostile country against several powerful armies and a succession of able generals must have been a commander and a tactician of supreme capacity' Robert Garland – Though this claim may seem questionable to our post Handballs world, It was moreover the experience of the Second Punic War the first stimulated the Romans to write a national history.Populous chose BBC to begin narrative of Romeos take over of the Mediterranean – It is largely due to Hannibal defeat at Zamia that we stand here today as the heirs of Garage Romano culture.Had Gossip lost there is no guarantee that the Carthaginian would have incorporated Hellenic culture into their livelihood – It was the Hannibal war which drew he Romans Into the Greek orbit as never before who – Arguably Hannibal greatest legacy is that he left Rome with no serious rival †“ Linda -Marie Gunter writes that Hannibal historical importance lies In the fact hat he brought to light to his contemporaries and to later generations the restlessness s of Romeos politics of alliance and expansion – Live on Romeos condition after Canaan. The consuls and two consular armies had been destroyed and there was no longer any Roman camp or any general. – On Toynbee – an instance of an attempt to attach blame for a historical event on a single individual, and few historians or environmentalists would today treat the clan seriously – Poet Juvenile – the man whom Africa could not contain, who added Scallop to his empire, who leapt over the Presses.

Bachelor’s Degree and Scholarship Essay

At Full Sail University, we understand that deciding where and how to pursue higher education is an important and life-changing decision. This guide is designed to help you understand your financial options when it comes to Full Sail University by providing a detailed list of possible scholarships that may be available to you, as well as the guidelines and requirements applicable to each scholarship. If you have any questions about the information in this booklet or would like to apply for any of the scholarships within, please contact an Admissions Representative at 800. 226. 7625. 2 Campus Scholarships. 3 Anniversary SCHOLARSHIP MISSION STATEMENT Full Sail University is dedicated to the encouragement and development of future generations of entertainment and media professionals. To demonstrate our commitment, Full Sail University introduces the Anniversary Scholarship program. This program is designed to offer assistance to qualified individuals who are passionate about a career in the entertainment media industry. 4 Anniversary SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS The Anniversary Scholarship program will award up to $10,000 to eligible Full Sail 20- to 21-month campus Bachelor degree program candidates. See more: how to write a scholarship essay for study abroad This scholarship fund is limited and will be awarded to all applicants who meet the eligibility requirements and according to the award determination process as outlined below. HOW TO APPLY †¢ The Anniversary Scholarship application must be submitted to the Full Sail Scholarship Committee prior to the desired start date. †¢ To apply for this scholarship, please contact your Admissions Representative at 800. 226. 7625. PROVISIONS †¢ Applicants must have applied for a start date beginning May 6, June 3, or July 8, 2013 as a new student to Full Sail. †¢ Applicants must have completed a formal interview with their Full Sail Admissions representative. †¢ An interruption of training, change of degree program, or withdrawal may result in cancellation of scholarship award and disbursement(s). Student understands that a change of student status may impact eligibility. †¢ The Anniversary Scholarship may be used with other Full Sail University scholarship programs. †¢ Final award of scholarship is contingent upon receipt of all required Admissions and Financial Aid documents by start date. †¢ Students who delay their start date will forfeit eligibility. †¢ Funds from the Anniversary Scholarship may be used only toward the tuition of an eligible Full Sail 20- to 21-month campus Bachelor degree program. †¢ The scholarship is nontransferable and has no redeemable cash value. †¢ Financial aid available for those who qualify. †¢ SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS ARE LIMITED AND WILL REMAIN AVAILABLE UNTIL DEPLETED. AWARD NOTIFICATION †¢ Recipients will be notified by the Full Sail University Admissions department prior to beginning their degree program, provided eligibility requirements above are met. †¢ Scholarship amount will be disbursed throughout student’s academic years, as applicable, and divided equally between academic years. MINIMUM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS In order to be eligible for consideration, those applying for an Anniversary Scholarship must: †¢ Complete an Anniversary Scholarship application and an original 250-word essay on â€Å"Your Place in the Entertainment Media Industry in Ten Years† in the area provided. 5 Full Sail Merit SCHOLARSHIP MISSION STATEMENT Full Sail University is dedicated to the encouragement and development of future generations of media professionals. In an effort to further this encouragement and development, Full Sail introduces the Full Sail Merit Scholarship Program. This program is designed to offer assistance to deserving individuals passionate about a career in the entertainment media industry. Through the Full Sail Merit Scholarship Program, eligible participants may receive up to $3,000 toward the tuition of any Full Sail campus degree program. 6 Full Sail Merit SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS The Full Sail Merit Scholarship Program will award up to $3,000 to eligible candidates. Scholarship amounts will vary. HOW TO APPLY †¢ The Merit Scholarship Application must be submitted to the Full Sail Scholarship Committee at least two weeks prior to the desired start date. †¢ Official Final Transcripts must be submitted to the Full Sail Enrollment Department and on file at least two weeks prior to start date. †¢ Full Sail will reference official transcripts to confirm GPA eligibility. †¢ To apply for this scholarship, please contact your Admissions Representative at 800. 226. 7625. †¢ Recipients will be notified on Propeller: Launch the Thursday following the application deadline date. †¢ The scholarship will be disbursed during the student’s final academic year, as applicable. PROVISIONS †¢ Applicants must have applied for a 2013 start date as a new student to Full Sail. †¢ Applicants must have filled out a FAFSA or confirmed cash payments. †¢ Funds from the Full Sail Merit Scholarship may be used only toward the tuition of a Full Sail Associate of Science, Bachelor of Science, or Master of Science campus degree program. †¢ The scholarship is non-transferable and has no redeemable cash value. †¢ SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS ARE LIMITED AND WILL REMAIN AVAILABLE UNTIL DEPLETED. MINIMUM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS In order to be eligible for consideration, those applying for a Merit Scholarship should: †¢ Be a minimum of 18 years old or have the consent of a parent(s)/ guardian(s) to attend Full Sail †¢ Have earned a standard high school diploma †¢ Have achieved a minimum overall GPA of 3. 0 on a 4. 0 (B average) scale during their secondary education, or postsecondary (30 semester credits minimum) education 7 The Full Sail Alumni SCHOLARSHIP MISSION STATEMENT Full Sail University is dedicated to the encouragement and development of current and future generations of media professionals. In an effort to further this encouragement and development, Full Sail introduces the Full Sail Alumni Scholarship Program. This program is designed to offer assistance to deserving alumni passionate about advancing their career and education in the entertainment media industry. Through the Full Sail Alumni Scholarship Program, eligible participants may receive up to $3,000 toward the tuition of any Full Sail campus degree program. 8 The Full Sail Alumni SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS The Full Sail Alumni Scholarship Program will award up to $3,000 to eligible Full Sail students enrolled for an additional campus degree program as a returning student. Scholarship amounts will vary. HOW TO APPLY Full Sail will reference the student’s overall grade as of the deadline date to confirm grade eligibility. †¢ To apply for this scholarship, please contact your Admissions Representative at 800. 226. 7625. PROVISIONS †¢ Applicants must have applied for a 2013 start date as a new student to Full Sail. †¢ Applicants must have filled out a FAFSA or confirmed cash payments. †¢ Funds from the Full Sail Alumni Scholarship may be used only towards the tuition of a Full Sail Associate of Science, Bachelor of Science, or Master of Science campus degree program. †¢ The scholarship is non-transferable and has no redeemable cash value. †¢ SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS ARE LIMITED AND WILL REMAIN AVAILABLE UNTIL DEPLETED. MINIMUM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS In order to be eligible for consideration, those applying for an Alumni Scholarship should: †¢ Have achieved a minimum overall grade of B or better in previous Full Sail coursework (80 overall numeric grade average) †¢ Have graduated or will graduate from their previous Full Sail campus degree program as a student in good academic and financial standing †¢ Have demonstrated an exceptional ability and dedication to their desired path in the entertainment media industry AWARD DETERMINATION Recipients will be notified on Propeller: Launch the Tuesday following the application deadline date. 9 Full Sail Entertainment & Media Industry SCHOLARSHIP FOR WOMEN MISSION STATEMENT Full Sail University maintains its commitment to taking dreams seriously by offering the Entertainment & Media Industry Scholarship for Women. This program is designed to offer assistance to deserving women with the potential to make a positive impact on the entertainment industry based on their demonstrated talent, passion, and skills. Through the Full Sail Entertainment & Media Industry Scholarship for Women Program, eligible participants may receive up to $2000 toward the tuition of any Full Sail campus degree program. 10 Full Sail Entertainment & Media Industry SCHOLARSHIP FOR WOMEN AWARDS The Full Sail Entertainment & Media Industry Scholarship for Women Program will award up to $2000 to eligible candidates. Scholarship amounts will vary. HOW TO APPLY †¢ The Entertainment & Media Scholarship for Women Application must be submitted to the Full Sail Scholarship Committee the Tuesday prior to the desired start date. †¢ To apply for this scholarship, please contact your Admissions Representative at 800. 226. 7625. PROVISIONS †¢ Applicants must have applied for a 2013 start date as a new student to Full Sail. †¢ Applicants must have filled out a FAFSA or confirmed cash payments. †¢ Funds from the Full Sail Entertainment & Media Scholarship for Women may be used only towards the tuition of a Full Sail Associate of Science, Bachelor of Science, or Master of Science Degree Program. †¢ The scholarship is non-transferable and has no redeemable cash value. †¢ SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS ARE LIMITED AND WILL REMAIN AVAILABLE UNTIL DEPLETED. MINIMUM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS. In order to be eligible for consideration, those applying for an Entertainment & Media Industry Scholarship for Women should: †¢ Be a female first-time student starting a Full Sail University campus degree program. †¢ Have demonstrated an exceptional ability and dedication to their desired path in the entertainment media industry by submission of a 250-word essay. Original essay is on â€Å"How Women Can Have a Positive Impact on the Entertainment and Media Industry. † AWARD DETERMINATION †¢ Applicants’ submissions will be evaluated by a scholarship committee on the following criteria: originality, composition, clarity, and relevance to the topic. †¢ Notification Recipients will be notified via Propeller: Launch, Full Sail’s enrollment portal, on the Tuesday following the application deadline date. †¢ Scholarship will be disbursed throughout the student’s academic years, amount to be divided equally between semesters, as applicable. 11 Platinum Dream SCHOLARSHIP MISSION STATEMENT Full Sail University, one of the world’s foremost colleges for entertainment media and media communications, is dedicated to the education and encouragement of future generations of media professionals. In an effort to  further this dedication and encouragement, Full Sail introduces the Full Sail Platinum Dream Scholarship Program. The purpose of this program is to aid deserving individuals that are focused on careers in entertainment media by assisting them with financial need related to their education. 12 Platinum Dream SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS Through The Full Sail Platinum Dream Scholarship Program, eligible participants may receive scholarship funds if need is demonstrated. HOW TO APPLY The Platinum Dream Scholarship nominees will be submitted by a Full Sail University Enrollment Guide or Financial Aid Administrator. Contact your Enrollment Guide or Financial Aid Administrator for details. PROVISIONS †¢ Applicants must have already applied and have been accepted for admission or must be currently enrolled at Full Sail University. †¢ Applicants must have earned a standard high school diploma or equivalent GED. †¢ Funds from the Full Sail Platinum Dream Scholarship may be used only towards the tuition of a Full Sail Associate of Science or Bachelor of Science Degree Program. †¢ The scholarship is non-transferable and has no redeemable cash value. †¢ Funds may not be used to cover Full Sail Application Fee or Seat Deposit. †¢ SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS ARE LIMITED AND WILL REMAIN AVAILABLE UNTIL DEPLETED. MINIMUM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS In order to be eligible for consideration, those applying for a Platinum Dream Scholarship should: †¢ Be a minimum of eighteen years old or have the consent of a parent(s)/guardian(s) to attend Full Sail †¢ Have completed the Admissions/Financial Aid process and demonstrate need, calculated based on a need-based formula †¢ Have completed a FAFSA and fulfilled all Admission Requirements. 13 Global Achievement SCHOLARSHIP MISSION STATEMENT The Full Sail Global Achievement Scholarship is designed to encourage and develop future international entertainment and media professionals throughout the world. Through the Global Achievement Scholarship, eligible participants may receive up to $5,000 toward the tuition of their Full Sail campus degree program. 14 Global Achievement SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS The Global Achievement Scholarship will award up to $5,000 to eligible campus degree program candidates. This scholarship fund is limited, and will be awarded to all applicants who meet the eligibility requirements and according to the award determination process as outlined below. HOW TO APPLY The Global Achievement Scholarship application must be submitted to the Full Sail Scholarship Committee prior to the desired start date. †¢ To apply for this scholarship, please contact your Admissions Representative at 800. 226. 7625. PROVISIONS †¢ Applicants must have conducted a formal interview with their Full Sail Admissions Representative. †¢ Applicants must have applied for a 2013 start date as a new student to Full Sail. †¢ Applicants must have applied as a new student for a Full Sail campus degree program. †¢ Applicants must have met the entrance requirements for the desired Full Sail campus degree program. †¢ A change of degree program, interruption of training, or withdrawal may result in cancellation of scholarship award and disbursement. Student understands that a change of student status may impact eligibility. †¢ The Global Achievement Scholarship may be used with other Full Sail scholarships. †¢ Funds from the Global Achievement Scholarship may be used only toward the tuition of a Full Sail campus degree program. †¢ The scholarship is nontransferable and has no redeemable cash value. †¢ Financial aid available for those who qualify. †¢ SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS ARE LIMITED AND WILL REMAIN AVAILABLE UNTIL DEPLETED. MINIMUM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS In order to be eligible for consideration, those applying for a Global Achievement Scholarship must: †¢ Be a non-US citizen. †¢ Complete and submit the Global Achievement application, and an original 500-word essay on â€Å"How My Full Sail Education Will Help Me Achieve My Career Dream† prior to the first day of class. AWARD DETERMINATION. †¢ Applicants’ essays will be evaluated by a scholarship committee on the following criteria: originality, composition, clarity and relevance to the topic. Essays judged outstanding will be awarded. †¢ Recipients will be notified by the Full Sail University Admissions Department prior to beginning their degree program, provided eligibility requirements above are met. †¢ Scholarship amount will be disbursed throughout student’s academic years, amount to be divided equally between semesters, as applicable. 15 Dedication SCHOLARSHIP MISSION STATEMENT. The Full Sail Dedication Scholarship is designed to encourage and develop future entertainment and media professionals who demonstrate true dedication to achieving excellence within their chosen career path. Through the Dedication Scholarship, eligible participants may receive $1,000 toward the tuition of their Full Sail campus degree program. Students may qualify to receive up to $1,000 in additional funding after beginning their education. 16 Dedication SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS The Dedication Scholarship will award $1,000 to eligible campus degree program candidates in their first academic year. An eligible student may be awarded up to $1,000 in additional Dedication Scholarship in their second academic year. This scholarship fund is limited, and will be awarded to all applicants who meet the eligibility requirements and according to the award determination process as outlined below. HOW TO APPLY The Dedication Scholarship application must be submitted to the Full Sail Scholarship Committee prior to the desired start date. †¢ To apply for this scholarship, please contact your Admissions Representative at 800. 226. 7625. PROVISIONS †¢ Applicants must have applied for a 2013 start date as a new student to Full Sail. †¢ Applicants must have applied as a new student for a Full Sail campus degree program. †¢ A change of degree program, interruption of training, or withdrawal may result in cancellation of scholarship award and disbursement. Student understands that a change of student status may impact eligibility. †¢ The Dedication Scholarship may be used with other Full Sail scholarships. †¢ Funds from the Dedication Scholarship may be used only toward the tuition of a Full Sail campus degree program. †¢ The scholarship is nontransferable and has no redeemable cash value. †¢ Financial aid available for those who qualify. †¢ SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS ARE LIMITED AND WILL REMAIN AVAILABLE UNTIL DEPLETED. AWARD DETERMINATION †¢ Applicants’ essays will be evaluated by a scholarship committee on the following criteria: originality, composition, clarity and relevance to the topic. †¢ Applicants’ Full Sail documentation will be referenced for verification of attendance and date attended at a Behind the Scenes Tour. Applicants’ GPA and GPS score upon completion of first academic year will be referenced for eligibility of subsequent awards as applicable. †¢ Recipients will be notified by the Full Sail University Admissions Department prior to beginning their degree program, provided eligibility requirements above are met. Students will be notified by the Academic Success Department of subsequent awards earned while student is attending. †¢ The $1,000 scholarship award for Behind the Scenes Tour attendance will be disbursed in first academic year, amount to be divided equally between semesters. The $500 award for 3. 0 GPA and/or the $500 award for 100% GPS score will be disbursed in last semester of second academic year, as applicable. MINIMUM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS In order to be eligible for consideration, those applying for a Dedication Scholarship must: †¢ Have attended one of Full Sail’s monthly Behind the Scenes Tours a year or less prior to beginning class †¢ Complete and submit the Dedication Scholarship application, and an original 250-word essay on â€Å"Dedication and My Career Dream† prior to the first day of class in order to be eligible for a $1,000 scholarship award in the first academic year †¢ Maintain a minimum, cumulative GPA of 3. 0 for first academic year, for an additional $500 award †¢ Maintain a minimum, cumulative Global Professionalism Standards (GPS) score of 100% for first academic year, for an additional $500 award 17 Online Scholarships 18 Full Sail Education Media SCHOLARSHIP FOR TEACHERS MISSION STATEMENT Full Sail University is dedicated to the encouragement and development of current and future generations of teachers who want to incorporate the tools of media professionals to create a dynamic learning environment. In an effort to further this encouragement and development, Full Sail introduces the Full Sail Education Media Scholarship for Teachers Program. This program is designed to offer assistance to deserving teachers passionate about advancing their career knowledge and educational role. Through the Full Sail Education Media Scholarship for Teachers Program, eligible participants may receive up to $12,000 toward the tuition of the Full Sail Creative Writing Master of Fine Arts, Education Media Design & Technology Master of Science and the Media Design Master of Fine Arts degree programs. 19 Full Sail Education Media SCHOLARSHIP FOR TEACHERS – ONLINE AWARDS This scholarship provides awards of up to $12,000 to eligible students who meet specific criteria based on financial need. To determine initial eligibility, all applicants must complete a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) (www. fafsa. ed. gov) and review their Federal Student Aid Report with a Full Sail Financial Aid Advisor. HOW TO APPLY Check with your Admissions Representative or Financial Aid Administrator for the deadline date applicable to your start date. Deadlines are typically the Friday two weeks prior to the first day of your degree program. †¢ Full Sail will reference student’s date of application for admission, documentation of teaching certificate, or submitted official letters of position, to confirm eligibility. †¢ To apply for this scholarship, please contact your Admissions Representative at 800. 226. 7625. PROVISIONS †¢ Applicants must send in Full Sail’s application for enrollment for the Creative Writing Master of Fine Arts, Education Media Design & Technology Master of Science, or Media Design Master of Fine Arts Degree. †¢ Applicants must fill out a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). †¢ Applicants must meet all admission requirements for acceptance into the degree program by the chosen start date. †¢ Funds from the Full Sail Education Media Scholarship for Teachers may be used only towards the tuition of the Full Sail Creative Writing Master of Fine Arts, Education Media Design & Technology Master of Science, or Media Design Master of Fine Arts Degree Program. †¢ The scholarship is non-transferable and has no redeemable cash value. †¢ The Education Media Scholarship for Teachers may be used with other Full Sail scholarship programs. †¢ SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS ARE LIMITED AND WILL REMAIN AVAILABLE UNTIL DEPLETED. MINIMUM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS In order to be eligible for consideration, those applying for an Education Media Scholarship for Teachers must: †¢ Currently reside in the United States or Puerto Rico. †¢ Be certified as a teacher, any grade, Kindergarten through 12. Proof of certification required. Teachers at private or charter schools not requiring certification must submit an official letter from their principal stating their current teaching position and job responsibilities on school letterhead. †¢ Guidance counselors and other administrators in public education Kindergarten through grade 12, impacting students and teachers on a continual educational basis, may apply with an official letter from their principal or manager stating current position and job responsibilities on school letterhead. AWARD DETERMINATION †¢ Recipients will be notified by the Full Sail University Admissions department prior to the student beginning their degree program, provided eligibility requirements above are met. †¢ Scholarship will be disbursed throughout the student’s academic years, amount to be divided equally between semesters, as applicable. NOTIFICATION Recipients will be notified on Propeller: Launch the Tuesday following the application deadline date. †¢ Recipients will be notified by the Full Sail University Financial Aid department prior to student beginning their degree program, provided eligibility requirements are met. 20 Student Success SCHOLARSHIP MISSION STATEMENT Full Sail University is dedicated to the encouragement and development of future generations of media professionals. To demonstrate our commitment, Full Sail University introduces the Student Success Scholarship program. This program is designed to offer assistance to qualified individuals passionate about a career in the entertainment media industry. 21 Student Success SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS Effective for students enrolled in an eligible degree program, the Student Success Scholarship program will award up to $3,000 to eligible candidates. Scholarship amounts will vary by degree program. AWARD DETERMINATION †¢ Full Sail University will reference SAP at the end of the student’s first semester to confirm eligibility. †¢ Scholarship will be disbursed in either the first or second academic year based upon the student’s degree program. †¢ Students enrolled in the following online degree programs are eligible to apply: †¢ Computer Animation Bachelor of Science †¢ Creative Writing for Entertainment Bachelor of Fine Arts †¢ Digital Cinematography Bachelor of Science †¢ Entertainment Business Bachelor of Science †¢ Game Art Bachelor of Science †¢ Game Design Bachelor of Science †¢ Graphic Design Bachelor of Science †¢ Internet Marketing Bachelor of Science †¢ Media Communications. Bachelor of Science †¢ Mobile Development Bachelor of Science †¢ Music Business Bachelor of Science †¢ Music Production Bachelor of Science †¢ Sports Marketing & Media Bachelor of Science †¢ Web Design & Development Bachelor of Science MINIMUM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS In order to be eligible for consideration, those applying for a Student Success Scholarship must: †¢ Complete and submit the Student Success Scholarship application prior to the first day of class †¢ Achieve Satisfactory Academic Progress (SAP) at the end of the first semester of their Full Sail degree program and be an active full-time student. PROVISIONS †¢ Applicants must have already applied for admission to Full Sail University for an eligible online degree program. †¢ Applicants must have met the entrance requirements for the desired Full Sail University Online degree program. †¢ A change of degree program, interruption of training, or withdrawal may result in cancellation of scholarship award and disbursement(s). Student understands that a change of student status may impact eligibility. †¢ The Student Success Scholarship may be used in conjunction with other Full Sail University scholarships for which student is eligible. †¢ Funds from the Student Success Scholarship may be used only toward the tuition of Full Sail bachelor of fine arts and bachelor of science online degree program. †¢ The scholarship is non-transferable and has no redeemable cash value. HOW TO APPLY The Student Success Scholarship application must be submitted to the Full Sail Scholarship Committee at least one week prior to the desired start date. †¢ To apply for this scholarship, please contact your admissions representative at 800. 226. 7625. †¢ Financial aid available for those who qualify. †¢ SCHOLARSHIP FUNDS ARE LIMITED AND WILL REMAIN AVAILABLE UNTIL DEPLETED. 22 Path? nder SCHOLARSHIP MISSION STATEMENT Full Sail University is dedicated to the encouragement and development of future generations of media professionals. To demonstrate our commitment, Full Sail University introduces the Pathfinder Scholarship program. This program is designed to offer assistance to qualified individuals passionate about a career in the entertainment media industry. 23 Path? nder SCHOLARSHIP AWARDS Beginning May 7, 2013, the Pathfinder Scholarship program will award up to $6,500 to eligible students. HOW TO APPLY †¢ The Pathfinder Scholarship application must be submitted to the Full Sail Scholarship Committee at least one week prior to the desired start date. †¢ Check with your Enrollment Guide for the deadline date applicable to your start date. PROVISIONS †¢ The scholarship may be reallocated to future financial aid years based on the student’s tuition need. †¢ An interruption of training, change of degree program, or withdrawal may result in cancellation of scholarship award and disbursement(s). Student understands that a change of student status may impact eligibility. †¢ The Pathfinder Scholarship may be used with the Student Success Scholarship. †¢ Final award of scholarship is contingent upon receipt of all required Admissions and Financial Aid documents by start date. †¢ Students who delay their start date will forfeit eligibility. †¢ Funds from the Pathfinder Scholarship may be used only toward the tuition of a Full Sail University online bachelor’s degree program. Funds may not be used to cover the Full Sail University application fee. †¢ The scholarship is nontransferable and has no redeemable cash value. †¢ Financial aid is available for those who qualify. †¢ THE PATHFINDER SCHOLARSHIP FUND IS LIMITED AND WILL REMAIN AVAILABLE UNTIL DEPLETED. MINIMUM ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS In order to be eligible for consideration, those applying for a Pathfinder Scholarship must: †¢ Have applied for admission to Full Sail University for an online bachelor’s degree program and start classes on June 3rd, July 8th, or August 5th, 2013. †¢ Have met the entrance requirements for the desired Full Sail University online degree program. †¢ Have completed a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) (www. fafsa. ed. gov) and reviewed their Federal Student Aid Report with a Full Sail University Enrollment Guide. †¢ Have completed the Online Education Readiness Evaluation (OERE)* and been found as highly competent, as determined by Full Sail University. †¢ Have completed the Enrollment/Financial Aid process and demonstrated need, calculated by a need-based formula. * The OERE assesses whether the student has the necessary skills, competencies, and access to technology to succeed in a distance education environment. The evaluation consists of a pre-entry questionnaire, a student preferences survey, and an Online Education Readiness Module. AWARD NOTIFICATION †¢ Recipients will be notified by their Enrollment Guide prior to beginning their degree program, provided eligibility requirements above are met. †¢ Scholarship amount will be disbursed throughout student’s academic years, as applicable, based on the student’s tuition need. 24 View as multi-pages TOPICS IN THIS DOCUMENT Bachelor of Science, Bachelor’s degree, Student financial aid, Master’s degree, Academic degree, Financial aid, Undergraduate education, Scholarship. RELATED DOCUMENTS Associate’s Degree and Bachelor’s Degree †¦ either an associate’s degree, or bachelor’s degree and with good reason. Although it takes time, and can be expensive, the benefits of getting your college degree are worth it. In this essay I will compare the associate’s degree to the bachelor degree focusing on the amount of time it takes, what it costs, and what the benefits are for degree holders. An associate’s degree is a†¦ 4375 Words | 2 Pages READ FULL DOCUMENT Analysis of Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing †¦ John Wolf, president of Wolf Motors, had just returned to his office after visiting the company’s newly acquired automotive dealership. It was the fourth Wolf Motors’ dealership in a network that served a metropolitan area of 400,000 people. Beyond the metropolitan area, but within a 45-minute drive, were another 500,000 people. Each of the dealerships in the network marketed a different make of automobile and historically had operated autonomously. Wolf was particularly excited about this†¦ 4375 Words |

How to Format and Write a Simple Business Letter

How to Format and Write a Simple Business Letter People write business letters and emails for a variety of reasons such as requesting information, to conduct transactions, to secure employment, and so on. Effective business correspondence should be clear and concise, respectful in tone, and formatted properly. By breaking down a business letter into its basic components, you can learn how to communicate effectively and improve your skills as a writer. The Basics A typical business letter contains three sections, an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.   The Introduction:  The introduction indicates who the writer is addressing. If youre writing to someone you dont know or have met only briefly, the introduction may also a brief reason of why youre writing. Typically, the introduction is only a sentence or two in length.The Body: The letters body is where you state your business. This section may be as short as a few sentences or several paragraphs in length. It all depends on the degree of detail necessary to describe the subject at hand.The Conclusion: The conclusion is the final section where youll  call for future action. This can be a chance to talk in person, to request additional information, or to conduct a transaction. Like the introduction, this section should be no more than a sentence or two and must make clear what you would like from the person reading your letter. The Introduction The tone of the introduction depends on your relationship to the letter recipient. If youre addressing a close friend or a business colleague, using their first name is acceptable. But if youre writing to someone you do not know, its best to address them formally in the greeting. If you do not know the name of the person youre writing to, use their title or a general form of address. Some examples: Dear personnel directorDear sir or madamDear Dr., Mr., Mrs., Ms. (Last name)Dear Frank (use this if the person is a close business contact or friend) Writing to a specific person is always preferred. Generally speaking, use Mr. when addressing men and Ms. for women in the greeting. Only use the title of Doctor for those in the medical profession. While you should always begin a business letter with the word Dear, doing so is an option for business emails, which are less formal. If youre writing to someone you dont know or have met only in passing, you may want to follow the greeting by providing some context for why youre contacting that person. Some examples: With reference to your advertisement in the Times...Im am following up on our phone call yesterday.Thank you for your letter of March 5. The Body The majority of a business letter is contained in the body. This is where the writer states his or her reason for corresponding. For example:   I am writing to inquire about the position posted in The Daily Mail.I am writing to confirm the shipment details on order # 2346.I am writing to apologize for the difficulties you experienced last week at our branch. Once you have stated the general reason for writing your business letter, use the body to provide additional details. For example, you may be sending a client important documents to sign, apologizing to a customer for poor service, requesting information from a source, or some other reason. Whatever the reason, remember to use language that is courteous and polite. For instance: I would be grateful to meet with you next week.Would you possibly have time for a meeting next week?I would be delighted to give you a tour of our facility this coming month.Unfortunately, we will have to postpone the meeting until June 1.Enclosed you will find a copy of the contract. Please sign where indicated. It is customary to include some closing remarks after youve stated your business in the body of the letter. This is your opportunity to reinforce your relationship with the recipient, and it should just be a sentence. Please contact us again if we can help in any way.If you have any questions, feel free to call me.You can also use the closing to request or offer future contact with the reader.I look forward to hearing from you soon.Please contact my assistant to schedule an appointment. The Finish The final thing all business letters need is a salutation, where you say your goodbyes to the reader. As with the introduction, how you write the salutation will depend on your relationship to the recipient. For clients that youre not on a first-name basis with, use: Yours faithfully (if you dont know the name of the person youre writing to)Yours sincerely, (if you do know the name of the person youre writing to. If you are on a first-name basis, use: Best wishes, (if youre acquaintances)Best regards or Regards (if the person is a close friend or contact) Sample Business Letter Kens Cheese House34 Chatley AvenueSeattle, WA 98765October 23, 2017Fred FlintstoneSales ManagerCheese Specialists Inc.456 Rubble RoadRockville, IL 78777Dear Mr. Flintstone,With reference to our telephone conversation today, I am writing to confirm your order for: 120 x Cheddar Deluxe Ref. No. 856.The order will be shipped within three days via UPS and should arrive at your store in about 10 days.Please contact us again if we can help in any way.Yours sincerely,Kenneth BeareDirector of Kens Cheese House

Individual assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual assignment - Research Paper Example It has five branches in major cities in the nation and the head office is in Abu Dhabi. The central bank has seven departments which include Banking operations, Banking supervision and Examination, Financial control, treasury, Research and statistics, Administrative affairs, internal audit. The similarity between European central bank and GCC central bank is that both have established single currency for the nation. The similarity between them is idea of currency integration. But the difference will appear in case of challenges that will be faced by GCC as compared to euro currency crisis. It was seen that during global financial crisis in 2008, GCC central bank made some difference in monetary policy which had helped it to keep it rate untouched. For the central bank of GCC, main problem was not to fix the liquidity but to fix the inflation rate. It plays an important role in GCC by strengthening its economy in today’s current market. Part B Introduction The Cooperation Counc il for the Arab States of the Gulf is also known as Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). During 1980, the Union Law issued the ‘Monetary System and Organization of Banking’ which provides the authority of banking and monetary system to the Central Bank. It also gives the power of controlling and implementing monetary, banking and credit policy of UAE to the central bank. The central bank guidelines consist- 1. Currency issuing as per the law. 2. It states that the currency should be stable and it can be freely converted into foreign currencies. 3. It needs to adopt a credit policy which will help to achieve the target growth of the economy. 4. It should develop the efficiency of banking system in nation. 5. It will act as a banker to the govt. The lending capacity of the central bank has increased from AED 155.2 billion at the end of 2000 to AED 972.1 billion at the end of 2010 and foreign assets of banks operating in UAE has increased from AED 91.5 Billion at the end of 200 0 to AED 233.5 billion at the end of 2010. Thus we can see that the bank has a quite good financial position in the market (Central Bank Of The U.A.E, 2013). Part C Discussion Structure of the Suggested Central Bank for GCC Board of directors of the Central bank have reorganized the structure of the bank which is now having five branches with seven departments and seven divisions , seven units and a risk bureau. It has five branches in major cities in the nation and the head office is in Abu Dhabi. These branches have three main sections as Accounts, Banking operations and administrative affairs. The central bank has seven departments which include Banking operations, Banking supervision and Examination, Financial control, treasury, Research and statistics, Administrative affairs, internal audit. Seven divisions further add IT, Correspondent Banking, Public Relations, general Secretariat, Personnel, Legal affairs. The central bank has another vertical of seven units which includes I T projects unit, Strategy Unit, Banking and Monetary

Cold Laser Therapy claims is to be critically evaluated Essay

Cold Laser Therapy claims is to be critically evaluated - Essay Example To approve any other claim or even similar claim for a particular device, the FDA requires adequate clinical data. Hawaii-based Quantum-Healing -Lasers.com, which sells many cold laser products online, claims that low-level laser therapy is effective for pain relief, anti-aging, weight-loss, smoking cessation, skin care, and treatment of broken bones and bullet wounds (Quantum-Heating-Lasers.com). This paper aims to evaluate some of the claims made by the organization. Quantum-Healing-Lasers.com says that smoking cessation studies in Canada and Europe have a purported success rate of 85%. According to the site, a high-wavelength, low-energy light, when applied to specific points in the body, blocks nicotine-receptors and simulates the release of endorphins. Nicotine is the addictive-factor in cigarette smoking. Nicotine gives smokers a "high" by releasing mood-enhancing chemicals called endorphins. The release of endorphins during laser therapy allegedly prevents any withdrawal symptoms that may occur because of smoking cessation. By curtailing the withdrawal symptoms, a long-time smoker is not tempted to smoke again. The site claims that the procedure is painless, easy, and takes only half-an-hour. The American Cancer Society (ACS) alleges that the currently available scientific evidence does not support claims of cold laser therapy as a smoking cessation aid. Another allegation made by ACS is that some television stations reported the cold laser therapy providers advertisements promising smoking cessation with laser treatment as news, making the therapy popular (ACS::Cold Laser Therapy, 2007). Public watchdog group Public Citizen also alleged that cold laser therapy providers are defrauding thousands of smokers with promise of cessation for hefty sums of up to $349 per session. According to the group reviews of medical literature shows few well-run trials that study the effectiveness of cold laser therapy for